Useful R functions (detailed)

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Sandbox vectors

Let’s define some vectors which can be used for demonstrations:

manyNumbers <- sample( 1:1000, 20 )
manyNumbers

 [1] 692  76 751 633 474 625 532 756 840 528  80 277 496 534 860 502 842 507 196 531

manyNumbersWithNA <- sample( c( NA, NA, NA, manyNumbers ) )
manyNumbersWithNA

 [1] 840  80  NA 756 277 502 507  76 534 860 842 196 625 751 532  NA 528 633 531 496 692 474  NA

duplicatedNumbers <- sample( 1:5, 10, replace = TRUE )
duplicatedNumbers

 [1] 1 3 3 4 2 4 3 4 4 3

letters

 [1] "a" "b" "c" "d" "e" "f" "g" "h" "i" "j" "k" "l" "m" "n" "o" "p" "q" "r" "s" "t" "u" "v" "w" "x" "y" "z"

LETTERS

 [1] "A" "B" "C" "D" "E" "F" "G" "H" "I" "J" "K" "L" "M" "N" "O" "P" "Q" "R" "S" "T" "U" "V" "W" "X" "Y" "Z"

mixedLetters <- c( sample( letters, 5 ), sample( LETTERS, 5 ) )
mixedLetters

 [1] "k" "e" "n" "a" "s" "Y" "T" "J" "Z" "H"

Are all/any elements TRUE

• Input: logical vector
• Output: single logical value
• Task: try, understand what happens when you use manyNumbersWithNA instead of manyNumbers.

all( manyNumbers <= 1000 )

[1] TRUE

all( manyNumbers <= 500 )

[1] FALSE

any( manyNumbers > 1000 )

[1] FALSE

any( manyNumbers > 500 )

[1] TRUE

all( !is.na( manyNumbers ) )

[1] TRUE

any( is.na( manyNumbers ) )

[1] FALSE

Which elements are TRUE

Input: logical vector Output: vector of numbers (positions)

which( manyNumbers > 900 )

integer(0)

which( manyNumbersWithNA > 900 )

integer(0)

which( is.na( manyNumbersWithNA ) )

[1]  3 16 23

Filtering vector elements

• Input: any vector and filtering condition
• Output: elements of the input vector
• Note: several ways to get the same effect

manyNumbers[ manyNumbers > 900 ] # indexing by logical vector

integer(0)

manyNumbers[ which( manyNumbers > 900 ) ] # indexing by positions

integer(0)

somePositions <- which( manyNumbers > 900 )
manyNumbers[ somePositions ]

integer(0)

Are some elements among other elements

• Input: two vectors
• Output: a logical vector corresponding to the first input vector

"A" %in% LETTERS

[1] TRUE

c( "X", "Y", "Z" ) %in% LETTERS

[1] TRUE TRUE TRUE

all( c( "X", "Y", "Z" ) %in% LETTERS )

[1] TRUE

all( mixedLetters %in% LETTERS )

[1] FALSE

any( mixedLetters %in% LETTERS )

[1] TRUE

mixedLetters[ mixedLetters %in% LETTERS ]

[1] "Y" "T" "J" "Z" "H"

mixedLetters[ !( mixedLetters %in% LETTERS ) ]

[1] "k" "e" "n" "a" "s"

manyNumbers %in% 300:600

 [1] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE FALSE FALSE  TRUE FALSE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE
[19] FALSE  TRUE

which( manyNumbers %in% 300:600 )

[1]  5  7 10 13 14 16 18 20

sum( manyNumbers %in% 300:600 )

[1] 8

Pick one of two (three) depending on condition

• Input: a logical vector and two vectors additional vectors (for TRUE, for FALSE)
• Output: elements of the additional vectors
• Note: it can take care of NAs

if_else( manyNumbersWithNA >= 500, "large", "small" )

 [1] "large" "small" NA      "large" "small" "large" "large" "small" "large" "large" "large" "small" "large" "large"
[15] "large" NA      "large" "large" "large" "small" "large" "small" NA     

if_else( manyNumbersWithNA >= 500, "large", "small", "UNKNOWN" )

 [1] "large"   "small"   "UNKNOWN" "large"   "small"   "large"   "large"   "small"   "large"   "large"   "large"  
[12] "small"   "large"   "large"   "large"   "UNKNOWN" "large"   "large"   "large"   "small"   "large"   "small"  
[23] "UNKNOWN"

# here integer 0L is needed instead of real 0.0 
# manyNumbersWithNA contains integer numbers and the method complains
if_else( manyNumbersWithNA >= 500, manyNumbersWithNA, 0L ) 

 [1] 840   0  NA 756   0 502 507   0 534 860 842   0 625 751 532  NA 528 633 531   0 692   0  NA

Duplicates and unique elements

• Input: a vector

unique( duplicatedNumbers )

[1] 1 3 4 2

unique( c( NA, duplicatedNumbers, NA ) )

[1] NA  1  3  4  2

duplicated( duplicatedNumbers )

 [1] FALSE FALSE  TRUE FALSE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE

Positions of max/min elements

which.max( manyNumbersWithNA )

[1] 10

manyNumbersWithNA[ which.max( manyNumbersWithNA ) ]

[1] 860

which.min( manyNumbersWithNA )

[1] 8

manyNumbersWithNA[ which.min( manyNumbersWithNA ) ]

[1] 76

range( manyNumbersWithNA, na.rm = TRUE )

[1]  76 860

Sorting/ordering of vectors

manyNumbersWithNA

 [1] 840  80  NA 756 277 502 507  76 534 860 842 196 625 751 532  NA 528 633 531 496 692 474  NA

sort( manyNumbersWithNA )

 [1]  76  80 196 277 474 496 502 507 528 531 532 534 625 633 692 751 756 840 842 860

sort( manyNumbersWithNA, na.last = TRUE )

 [1]  76  80 196 277 474 496 502 507 528 531 532 534 625 633 692 751 756 840 842 860  NA  NA  NA

sort( manyNumbersWithNA, na.last = TRUE, decreasing = TRUE )

 [1] 860 842 840 756 751 692 633 625 534 532 531 528 507 502 496 474 277 196  80  76  NA  NA  NA

manyNumbersWithNA[1:5]

[1] 840  80  NA 756 277

order( manyNumbersWithNA[1:5] )

[1] 2 5 4 1 3

rank( manyNumbersWithNA[1:5] )

[1] 4 1 5 3 2

sort( mixedLetters )

 [1] "a" "e" "H" "J" "k" "n" "s" "T" "Y" "Z"

Ranking of vectors

manyDuplicates <- sample( 10:15, 10, replace = TRUE )
rank( manyDuplicates )

 [1] 8.5 8.5 2.5 6.0 5.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 8.5 8.5

rank( manyDuplicates, ties.method = "min" )

 [1] 7 7 1 6 5 1 1 1 7 7

rank( manyDuplicates, ties.method = "random" )

 [1]  8  9  4  6  5  3  1  2 10  7

Rounding numbers

v <- c( -1, -0.5, 0, 0.5, 1, rnorm( 10 ) )
v

 [1] -1.0000000 -0.5000000  0.0000000  0.5000000  1.0000000 -1.7573167  0.4183369  0.1402900  1.4431644 -1.7079912
[11]  1.2588231  0.2619085  0.2643704  1.9361729  0.3206620

round( v, 0 )

 [1] -1  0  0  0  1 -2  0  0  1 -2  1  0  0  2  0

round( v, 1 )

 [1] -1.0 -0.5  0.0  0.5  1.0 -1.8  0.4  0.1  1.4 -1.7  1.3  0.3  0.3  1.9  0.3

round( v, 2 )

 [1] -1.00 -0.50  0.00  0.50  1.00 -1.76  0.42  0.14  1.44 -1.71  1.26  0.26  0.26  1.94  0.32

floor( v )

 [1] -1 -1  0  0  1 -2  0  0  1 -2  1  0  0  1  0

ceiling( v )

 [1] -1  0  0  1  1 -1  1  1  2 -1  2  1  1  2  1

Naming vector elements

heights <- c( Amy = 166, Eve = 170, Bob = 177 )
heights

Amy Eve Bob 
166 170 177 

names( heights )

[1] "Amy" "Eve" "Bob"

names( heights ) <- c( "AMY", "EVE", "BOB" )
heights

AMY EVE BOB 
166 170 177 

heights[[ "EVE" ]]

[1] 170

Generating grids

expand_grid( x = c( 1:3, NA ), y = c( "a", "b" ) )

# A tibble: 8 × 2
      x y    
  <int> <chr>
1     1 a    
2     1 b    
3     2 a    
4     2 b    
5     3 a    
6     3 b    
7    NA a    
8    NA b    

Generating combinations

combn( c( "a", "b", "c", "d", "e" ), m = 2, simplify = TRUE )

     [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6] [,7] [,8] [,9] [,10]
[1,] "a"  "a"  "a"  "a"  "b"  "b"  "b"  "c"  "c"  "d"  
[2,] "b"  "c"  "d"  "e"  "c"  "d"  "e"  "d"  "e"  "e"  

combn( c( "a", "b", "c", "d", "e" ), m = 3, simplify = TRUE )

     [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6] [,7] [,8] [,9] [,10]
[1,] "a"  "a"  "a"  "a"  "a"  "a"  "b"  "b"  "b"  "c"  
[2,] "b"  "b"  "b"  "c"  "c"  "d"  "c"  "c"  "d"  "d"  
[3,] "c"  "d"  "e"  "d"  "e"  "e"  "d"  "e"  "e"  "e"  

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